Developmental and epigenetic regulation of the human TLR3 gene.

ABSTRACT

The receptor encoded by the human TLR3 gene recognizes double-strand RNAs (dsRNAs) associated with viral infection. TLR3 expression is strongly activated upon differentiation of monocytes to dendritic cells, and can be further stimulated by the dsRNA analog polyinosinepolycytosine (PIC). We report evidence for developmental regulation of the TLR3 gene. In dendritic cells derived from cord blood, both differentiation- and PIC-associated TLR3 transcriptional activation are impaired as compared to cells from adults. Consistent with relative expression patterns, chromatin states and remodeling differ between newborn and adult samples. TLR3 expression in newborn dendritic cells exhibits heterocellularity and allelic imbalance (skewing), features characteristic of cis-acting epigenetic control. These findings reveal a new source for variability in innate immune system function and provide a model for further study of perinatal epigenetic transitions during development.