Targeted blockade in lethal West Nile virus encephalitis indicates a crucial role for very late antigen (VLA)-4-dependent recruitment of nitric oxide-producing macrophages.
J Neuroinflammation
; 9: 246, 2012 Oct 30.
Article
in En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-23111065
ABSTRACT
Infiltration of Ly6C(hi) monocytes from the blood is a hallmark of viral encephalitis. In mice with lethal encephalitis caused by West Nile virus (WNV), an emerging neurotropic flavivirus, inhibition of Ly6C(hi) monocyte trafficking into the brain by anti-very late antigen (VLA)-4 integrin antibody blockade at the time of first weight loss and leukocyte influx resulted in long-term survival of up to 60% of infected mice, with subsequent sterilizing immunity. This treatment had no effect on viral titers but appeared to be due to inhibition of Ly6C(hi) macrophage immigration. Although macrophages isolated from the infected brain induced WNV-specific CD4(+) T-cell proliferation, T cells did not directly contribute to pathology, but are likely to be important in viral control, as antibody-mediated T-cell depletion could not reproduce the therapeutic benefit of anti-VLA-4. Instead, 70% of infiltrating inflammatory monocyte-derived macrophages were found to be making nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, aminoguanidine-mediated inhibition of induced NO synthase activity in infiltrating macrophages significantly prolonged survival, indicating involvement of NO in the immunopathology. These data show for the first time the therapeutic effects of temporally targeting pathogenic NO-producing macrophages during neurotropic viral encephalitis.
Full text:
1
Collection:
01-internacional
Database:
MEDLINE
Main subject:
West Nile Fever
/
Integrin alpha4beta1
/
Macrophages
Limits:
Animals
Language:
En
Journal:
J Neuroinflammation
Journal subject:
NEUROLOGIA
Year:
2012
Document type:
Article
Affiliation country:
Australia