Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage with predominant upper lung lobe involvement associated with congestive heart failure: a case series.

BACKGROUND: Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH) may accompany or complicate various diseases with different pathophysiology. The diagnosis of DAH, especially when presenting as diffuse non-resolving and predominantly upper lobe lung consolidations, is particularly difficult in patients with cardiac disease. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed seven cases of DAH with predominant upper lobe involvement in the setting of acute or acute-on-chronic congestive heart failure (CHF). RESULTS: In general, time from onset till diagnostic confirmation of DAH was long. Chest CT scan mostly confirmed diffuse lung infiltrates without preferential side location but with typical cortical sparing in all patients. Echocardiography showed presence of some degree of mitral valve insufficiency in all subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis of DAH presenting as non-resolving upper lobe densities, accompanying CHF remains cumbersome but may be suggested indirectly by the presence of cortical sparing and mitral valve insufficiency. The latter may play a crucial role in the development of DAH.