[Detection and assessment of acute and chronic pain in Meat Merino ewes using ethological parameters]. / Erfassung und Bewertung von akutem und chronischem Schmerz anhand ethologischer Merkmale bei weiblichen Merinofleischschafen.

OBJECTIVE: The assessment of pain in sheep is a clinical challenge, because being a prey species, they tend to mask it. Since pain in animals cannot be measured directly, various methods are applicable to detect its effects on physiological, biochemical and ethological processes. Clinicians experienced in behavioural assessment are able to reliably determine the level of pain endured by an animal. The objective of this study was to identify behaviours that reflect acute and chronic pain as well as stress in sheep. METHODS: The behaviour of 36 Meat Merino ewes with contagious footrot (contagious interdigital dermatitis) was analysed during normal activities in the flock and during footrot treatment, which included claw trimming to remove abnormal horn. The behaviour during treatment was compared with that of 12 healthy control sheep of the same breed during routine foot trimming. Grading of the observed behaviours was made using a numerical score. The occurrence of footrot was defined as, and equated with, chronic pain, and treatment was equated with acute pain. For the assessment of stress induced by the manipulative treatment, the data of the healthy sheep were taken as a comparison. RESULTS: The strongest indications of chronic pain were non-weight bearing lameness of an affected limb, shifting of weight and abnormal gait patterns. Additionally, sheep with footrot urinated more frequently than healthy animals. Stress-related bruxism occurred in healthy and ill sheep during foot trimming, but not during normal activities in the flock. Tail wagging and strong defensive movements of all limbs commonly occurred during footrot treatment. Head shaking appeared to be primarily stress-related in association with dorsal recumbency on the tilt table, but was exacerbated by pain elicited by hoof trimming. CONCLUSION: The behaviours selected in this study were useful for the identification of chronic and acute pain in sheep; however, correct interpretation of behavioural changes requires an experienced individual.