Young adult binge drinkers have immunophenotypical disarrangements in peripheral natural killer cells.

ABSTRACT

Alcohol consumption is an issue of worldwide relevance and a problem of national scale in Mexico. The consumption pattern of large amounts of alcohol on the weekends is rapidly increasing in young adults between 18 and 29 years. Despite various studies that have focused on the noxious effect of alcohol in immunity, the changes in the immunoprofiles of peripheral blood cells have not been completely described. Natural killer cells (NKCs) are lymphoid-origin cells of the immune system that are responsible for defense against tumors, among other functions. In homeostatic conditions, they are found to be in a state of "dynamic balance" between activation and inhibition stimuli, which, if broken, may lead to immunosuppression or activation of cytotoxic mechanisms. In this study, we evaluated the immunoprofile of peripheral NKCs of 54 young adults, 29 of whom were binge drinkers and 25 of whom were low risk (LR), as classified by validated tools. Drinking habits were assessed. Blood samples were collected to perform hematic biometry and liver enzyme tests. Peripheral NKCs were identified by FACS, and stained for CCR2, CCR4, CCR5, CXCR4, CD69, CD127, CD137, TLR4, and Granzyme B. The data were analyzed using the t test and Mann-Whitney's U test for contrasts, and the effect size was obtained in order to evaluate the impact of each immunoprofile. The binge group showed increased expression of CCR5 and PD-1 in NKCs, respective to the LR group, and decreased expression of TLR4, along with fewer CCR4+ cells. Moreover, the increase found in CCR5 and PD-1 expression was correlated with the number of drinks in the last drinking session. Our findings show that young binge drinkers have different immunoprofiles that could suggest an early status of immunosuppression and trafficking of NKCs to the liver, which could be related to the onset of early liver damage, early in a subject's lifespan.