Last Glacial Maximum, early Holocene and modern environments of the northern South China Sea region: Insight from SEM analysis of Oak (Quercus) pollen.

Oak (Quercus) pollen was identified at the infra-generic (i.e. sub-genus to species) utilizing Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of modern (i.e. 18 species from southern China) and fossil pollen grains from northern South China Sea (SCS) marine and terrestrial sediments. Key morphological characteristics of Quercus exine sculpture were used to separate the pollen into evergreen and deciduous groups, with this distinction applied to the fossil oak pollen from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and early Holocene periods. The presence of Quercus pollen from the modern Pearl River and northern SCS suggests long distance transport from inland temperate to tropical regions surrounding the SCS. Fossil oak pollen from terrestrial and marine sediments from the northern SCS region suggests different pollen representation between these two sedimentary environments, with the terrestrial site dominated by evergreen Quercus types and the marine location showing greater representation of deciduous oak species. The presence of both evergreen and deciduous oak pollen in the LGM age marine sediments suggests only moderate cooling during this time period, while the dramatic increase of deciduous Quercus pollen in the marine core, as well as generally higher pollen influx values, reflects greater fluvial discharge, which in turn is linked to increased precipitation in the region during the early Holocene period.