Prenatal diagnosis and clinical significance of cephalocele-A single institution experience and literature review.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of genetic and additional structural abnormalities as well as pregnancy outcomes in fetuses with prenatally diagnosed cephalocele. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of data retrieved from ultrasound examinations and genetic testing in fetuses with cephalocele diagnosed between 2006 and 2018 in a tertiary referral hospital along with a systematic literature search in the PubMed database on fetuses with prenatally diagnosed cephalocele. RESULTS: Twenty-one out of 36 fetuses were found to have additional structural anomalies (58.3%). In four fetuses, anomalies were consistent with limb-body wall complex, in five with Meckel-Gruber syndrome, and in one with amniotic band syndrome. Genetic abnormalities were present in 11.1% of fetuses (trisomy 6; microdeletion 22q11.21; microduplication 16p13.11; pathogenic variant in gene CC2D2A). Twenty-eight pregnancies were terminated (77.8%; 28/36); two were miscarried (5.6%; 2/36). All six children from pregnancies that continued were liveborn but only two survived the surgery and developed neurological sequence. Overall survival rate was 25% (2/8) with 0% intact survival. CONCLUSIONS: Additional structural anomalies are common in fetuses with cephalocele. A significant number of fetuses have genetic abnormalities, and a detailed genetic testing should be performed in all cases. The prognosis is poor with high mortality rate and 0% intact survival.