Large-scale seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Bluetongue virus in Iran.
Prev Vet Med
; 179: 104994, 2020 Jun.
Article
in En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-32402914
ABSTRACT
Bluetongue virus (BTV) remains as an economically major concern in the world. Seroprevalence and potential risk factors of BTV were assessed in a cross-sectional study at both the herd and animal levels in Iran. A total of 73 Epidemiologic Units (E.Unit), defined as a herd, flock or village including animals with equal chance of exposure to infectious agents, were randomly selected. Serum samples from all animals (n = 34,575) within the E.Units were collected and tested for BTV sero-group antibodies by using commercially competitive ELISA test. Using cluster analysis, 90.41 % (95 %, CI 80.85 %-95.47 %) of the E.Units and 56.13 % (95 % CI 55.61 %-56.66 %) of the tested animals were detected seropositive against BTV. A seroprevalence rate of 57.59 % (95 % CI 48.01 %-66.63 %), 65.65 % (95 % CI 59.10 %-73.74 %) and 27.63 % (95 % CI 14.40 %-46.43 %) was estimated for sheep, goats and cattle, respectively. At E.Unit (herd) level, density was identified as a great risk factor for the infection (r2 = 0.891; P = 0.000), and particularly density of cattle significantly correlated with BTV infection within the E.Units (r2 = 0.247; P = 0.019). Using multilevel logistic regression, adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were estimated at individual level. A significantly less risk of BTV infection was evaluated for cattle than for sheep (OR = 0.42, 95 % CI 0.38-0.47, P < 0.001), while no significant difference was observed between sheep and goat (OR = 1.03, 95 % CI 0.97-1.10, P = 0.345). Animals over 2 years and between 6 months and 2 years expressed 2.22 (OR = 2.22, 95 % CI 1.96-2.52, P < 0.001) and 2.18 (OR = 2.18, 95 % CI 1.92-2.49, P < 0.001) times higher chance for the infection than animals under 6 months. Males were at significantly less risk of the infection than females (OR=0.68, 95 % CI 0.63-0.74, P < 0.001). Animals kept in industrial farming systems displayed 0.46 (OR=0.46, 95 % CI 032-0.66, P < 0.001) times less chance than animals kept in traditional farming system for BTV, while animals lived in semi-industrial farming system were found to be at 2.97 (OR=2.97, 95 % CI 2.41-3.66, P < 0.001) times higher chance for BTV than animals lived in traditional farming system. Furthermore, seropositive animals exhibited a high amount of antibodies against BTV (s) suggesting that viral exposure may have frequently occurred during their lifetimes. This large - scale study yielded information on epidemiology of BTV in Iran that is prerequisite for further research, and also for evaluation of any cost-benefit control measure to be established in an enzootic zone of the virus.
Key words
Full text:
1
Collection:
01-internacional
Database:
MEDLINE
Main subject:
Sheep Diseases
/
Cattle Diseases
/
Goat Diseases
/
Bluetongue
/
Bluetongue virus
Type of study:
Etiology_studies
/
Observational_studies
/
Prevalence_studies
/
Prognostic_studies
/
Risk_factors_studies
Limits:
Animals
Country/Region as subject:
Asia
Language:
En
Journal:
Prev Vet Med
Year:
2020
Document type:
Article