Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in Parkinson's disease: The role of glial cells.
J Pharmacol Sci
; 144(3): 151-164, 2020 Nov.
Article
in En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-32807662
ABSTRACT
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glutamate transmission efficiency depends on the correct functionality and expression of a plethora of receptors and transporters, located both on neurons and glial cells. Of note, glutamate reuptake by dedicated transporters prevents its accumulation at the synapse as well as non-physiological spillover. Indeed, extracellular glutamate increase causes aberrant synaptic signaling leading to neuronal excitotoxicity and death. Moreover, extrasynaptic glutamate diffusion is strongly associated with glia reaction and neuroinflammation. Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity is mainly linked to an impaired ability of glial cells to reuptake and respond to glutamate, then this is considered a common hallmark in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, we discuss the function of astrocytes and microglia in glutamate homeostasis, focusing on how glial dysfunction causes glutamate-induced excitotoxicity leading to neurodegeneration in PD.
Key words
Full text:
1
Collection:
01-internacional
Database:
MEDLINE
Main subject:
Parkinson Disease
/
Neuroglia
/
Neurotransmitter Agents
/
Glutamic Acid
Limits:
Humans
Language:
En
Journal:
J Pharmacol Sci
Journal subject:
FARMACOLOGIA
Year:
2020
Document type:
Article
Affiliation country:
Italy