SATB2 is a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer.

ABSTRACT

Several studies have confirmed the involvement of cancer stem cells (CSC) in tumour progression, metastasis, drug resistance and cancer relapse. SATB2 (special AT-rich binding protein-2) acts as a transcriptional co-factor and modulates chromatin architecture to regulate gene expression. The purpose of this review was to discuss the pathophysiological roles of SATB2 and assess whether it could be used as a therapeutic target for cancer. SATB2 modulated the expression of those genes which regulated pluripotency and self-renewal. Overexpression of SATB2 gene in normal epithelial cells was shown to induce transformation, as a result transformed cells gained CSC's characteristics by expressing stem cell markers and pluripotency maintaining factors, suggesting its role as an oncogene. In addition, SATB2 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. Interestingly, the expression of SATB2 was positively correlated with the activation of ß-catenin/TCF-LEF pathway. Furthermore, SATB2 silencing inhibited EMT and their positive regulators, and tumour growth, and suppressed the expression of stem cell markers, pluripotency maintaining factors, cell cycle and cell survival genes, and TCF/LEF targets. Based on the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) expression data and published papers, SATB2 alone or in combination with other proteins could be used a diagnostic biomarker for cancer. Although there is no pharmacological inhibitor of SATB2, studies using genetic approaches suggest that SATB2 could be a potential target for cancer treatment and prevention.