Ectopic expression of an AGAMOUS homologue gene in Jatropha curcas causes early flowering and heterostylous phenotypes.

Jatropha curcasseeds are abundant in biodiesel, and low seed yields are linked to poor quality female flowers, which creates a bottleneck for Jatropha seed utilization. Therefore, identifying the genes associated with flowering is crucial for the genetic enrichment of seed yields. Here, we identified an AGAMOUS homologue gene (JcAG) from J. curcas. We found that reproductive organs had higher JcAG expression than vegetative organs, particularly the carpel. Rosette leaves were small and misshapen in 35S:JcAG transgenic lines in comparison with those in wild-type plants. JcAG overexpression caused an extremely early flowering, delayed perianth and stamen filament development, small flowers, and significantly shorter Arabidopsis plants with little fruit. In the JcAG-overexpressing line, the homeotic transformation of sepals into pistillate organs was observed, and floral meristem and organ identity genes were regulated. This study provides insights into the JcAG's function and benefits to our knowledge of the underlying the genetic mechanisms related to floral sex differentiation in Jatropha.