Mitophagy in plants.

Mitochondria play a central role in primary metabolism in plants as well as in heterotrophic eukaryotes. Plants must control the quality and number of mitochondria in response to a changing environment, across cell types and developmental stages. Mitophagy is defined as the degradation of mitochondria by autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved system for the removal and recycling of intracellular components. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of mitophagy in plant stress responses. This review article summarizes our current knowledge of plant mitophagy and discusses the underlying mechanisms. In plants, chloroplasts cooperate with mitochondria for energy production, and autophagy also targets chloroplasts through a process known as chlorophagy. Advances in plant autophagy studies now allow a comparative analysis of the autophagic turnover of mitochondria and chloroplasts, via the selective degradation of their soluble proteins, fragments, or entire organelles.