Using DeepLab v3 + -based semantic segmentation to evaluate platelet activation.

ABSTRACT

This research used DeepLab v3 + -based semantic segmentation to automatically evaluate the platelet activation process and count the number of platelets from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Current activated platelet recognition and counting methods include (a) using optical microscopy or SEM images to identify and manually count platelets at different stages, or (b) using flow cytometry to automatically recognize and count platelets. However, the former is time- and labor-consuming, while the latter cannot be employed due to the complicated morphology of platelet transformation during activation. Additionally, because of how complicated the transformation of platelets is, current blood-cell image analysis methods, such as logistic regression or convolution neural networks, cannot precisely recognize transformed platelets. Therefore, this study used DeepLab v3 + , a powerful learning model for semantic segmentation of image analysis, to automatically recognize and count platelets at different activation stages from SEM images. Deformable convolution, a pretrained model, and deep supervision were added to obtain additional platelet transformation features and higher accuracy. The number of activated platelets was predicted by dividing the segmentation predicted platelet area by the average platelet area. The results showed that the model counted the activated platelets at different stages from the SEM images, achieving an error rate within 20%. The error rate was approximately 10% for stages 2 and 4. The proposed approach can thus save labor and time for evaluating platelet activation and facilitate related research.