Incidence of long-term diabetes complications and mortality in youth-onset type 2 diabetes: A systematic review.

AIMS: This systematic review aims to assess the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in people with type 2 diabetes diagnosed <20 years. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library for longitudinal studies published between 1 January 2000 and 31 November 2021. RESULTS: Seventeen studies (15 reporting CKD, 3 reporting CVD, 5 reporting mortality) from seven countries of sample size ranging between 96 and 4,141 were eligible. Most studies were conducted in North America and Europe (n = 14). Diabetes duration at enrolment varied from 0 to 8.3 years and follow-up duration from 1 to 12.6 years. The incidence rates (per 1,000 person-year) of albuminuria ranged between 12.4 and 114.8, macroalbuminuria or proteinuria between 10 and 35.0, end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) between 0.4 and 25.0, CVD between 3.7 and 19.5, and mortality between 1.0 and 18.6. The highest incidence rates of albuminuria, ESKD and mortality were recorded in Australian Aboriginal and Pima Indian populations. Youth-onset type 2 diabetes was associated with greater risk of developing CKD compared with type 1 diabetes in most studies. CONCLUSION: Studies reporting CVD in youth-onset type 2 diabetes are scarce. Estimated incidence rates of CKD and mortality in youth-onset type 2 diabetes varied across different study populations, potentially higher in indigenous people. Youth with type 2 diabetes are at higher risk of adverse kidney outcomes than their type 1 counterparts. More studies are needed in regions outside of North America and Europe.