Major Genetic Motifs in Pituitary Adenomas: A Practical Literature Update.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The literature includes many studies examining the genetic abnormalities that influence pituitary adenomas (PAs). We aimed to state the collective knowledge on the genetic underpinnings of PAs by organizing, summarizing, and consolidating the literature to serve as a comprehensive review for scientists and clinicians of the most up-to-date information underlying the genetic landscape of PAs. METHODS: The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using multiple key words and combined Medical Subject Headings terms; only articles published in English between January 2000 and January 2022 were included. Articles in which the focus did not relate to genetics, that included mainly anecdotal evidence, or that were single case studies were eliminated. RESULTS: PAs are one of the most common intracranial neoplasms. However, the genetic underpinnings for these tumors are not yet fully elucidated. There are several categories of PAs clinically significant versus not clinically significant, functional versus nonfunctional, and germline-derived versus sporadic origin. Each of these disease subcategories is characterized by unique genetic aberrations. Recently, more genes and other types of genetic aberrations have been identified as possible causes of PAs, such as copy number variations and altered levels of microRNAs. CONCLUSIONS: This review serves to consolidate and summarize the literature discussing the genetic motifs of PAs to help physicians and scientists deliver patient-centered therapies.