Using deep-sea images to examine ecosystem services associated with methane seeps.

Deep-sea images are routinely collected during at-sea expeditions and represent a repository of under-utilized knowledge. We leveraged dive videos collected by the remotely-operated vehicle Hercules (deployed from E/V Nautilus, operated by the Ocean Exploration Trust), and adapted biological trait analysis, to develop an approach that characterizes ecosystem services. Specifically, fisheries and climate-regulating services related to carbon are assessed for three southern California methane seeps: Point Dume (∼725 m), Palos Verdes (∼506 m), and Del Mar (∼1023 m). Our results enable qualitative intra-site comparisons that suggest seep activity influences ecosystem services differentially among sites, and site-to-site comparisons that suggest the Del Mar site provides the highest relative contributions to fisheries and carbon services. This study represents a first step towards ecosystem services characterization and quantification using deep-sea images. The results presented herein are foundational, and continued development should help guide research and management priorities by identifying potential sources of ecosystem services.