Patients with recurrent anterior shoulder instability exhibit altered glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joint kinematics during upper limb movement: A prospective comparative study.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Altered shoulder kinematics in patients with recurrent anterior shoulder instability remains poorly understood. This prospective study aimed to quantify in vivo glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joint kinematics and joint-contact positions in patients with shoulder instability and healthy controls. METHODS: Twenty patients with recurrent anterior shoulder instability (mean 28 years) and five patients without shoulder pathology (mean 39 years) were scanned using open CT in six static upper limb positions including 90° of abduction, combined abduction and external rotation, 90° of flexion, lift-off position (i.e. reaching behind the back) and the neutral shoulder with external rotation. Image datasets were digitally reconstructed to quantify shoulder joint kinematics and glenohumeral translation. FINDINGS: At 90° of abduction, instability patients demonstrated significantly less glenohumeral abduction and a reciprocal increase in upward scapulothoracic rotation compared to controls (mean difference 13.3°, p = 0.038). With the shoulder in combined abduction and external rotation, instability patients showed a significant increase in glenohumeral rotation and a reciprocal decrease in scapulothoracic rotation compared to controls (mean difference 5.0°, p = 0.042). There were no significant differences in humeral head translation in the sagittal plane (anterior-posterior axis) for all motions tested (p > 0.05). INTERPRETATION: Scapulothoracic and glenohumeral kinematics are significantly different between patients with recurrent anterior shoulder instability and those with a healthy shoulder. Instability patients compensate for reduced glenohumeral function during abduction by increasing scapular rotation. With the shoulder in combined abduction and external rotation position, greater glenohumeral joint angles without significantly increased humeral head translation suggest altered neuromuscular control in the unstable shoulder.