Individual Micron-Sized Aerosol Qualitative Analysis-Combined Raman Spectroscopy and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy by Optical Trapping in Air.

ABSTRACT

The attribution of single particle sources of atmospheric aerosols is an essential problem in the study of air pollution. However, it is still difficult to qualitatively analyze the source of a single aerosol particle using noncontact in situ techniques. Hence, we proposed using optical trapping to combine gated Raman spectroscopy with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in a single levitated micron aerosol. The findings of the spectroscopic imaging indicated that the particle plasma formed by a single particle ablation with a pulsed laser within 7 ns deviates from the trapped particle location. The LIBS acquisition field of view was expanded using the 19-bundle fiber, which also reduces the fluctuation of a single particle signal. In addition, gated Raman was utilized to suppress the fluorescence and increase the Raman signal-to-noise ratio. Based on this, Raman can measure hard-to-ionize substances with LIBS, such as sulfates. The LIBS radical can overcome the restriction that Raman cannot detect ionic chemicals like fluoride and chloride in halogens. To test the capability of directly identifying distinctive feature compounds utilizing spectra, we detected anions using Raman spectroscopy and cations using LIBS. Four typical mineral aerosols are subjected to precise qualitative evaluations (marble, gypsum, baking soda, and activated carbon adsorbed potassium bicarbonate). To further validate the application potential for substances with indistinctive feature discrimination, we employed machine learning algorithms to conduct a qualitative analysis of the coal aerosol from ten different origin regions. Three data fusion methodologies (early fusion, intermediate fusion, and late fusion) for Raman and LIBS are implemented, respectively. The accuracy of the late fusion model prediction using StackingClassifier is higher than that of the LIBS data (66.7%) and Raman data (86.1%) models, with an average accuracy of 90.6%. This research has the potential to provide online single aerosol analysis as well as technical assistance for aerosol monitoring and early warning.