Real-time closed-loop tissue-specific laser osteotomy using deep-learning-assisted optical coherence tomography.

ABSTRACT

This article presents a real-time noninvasive method for detecting bone and bone marrow in laser osteotomy. This is the first optical coherence tomography (OCT) implementation as an online feedback system for laser osteotomy. A deep-learning model has been trained to identify tissue types during laser ablation with a test accuracy of 96.28 %. For the hole ablation experiments, the average maximum depth of perforation and volume loss was 0.216 mm and 0.077 mm3, respectively. The contactless nature of OCT with the reported performance shows that it is becoming more feasible to utilize it as a real-time feedback system for laser osteotomy.