HMGB family proteins: Potential biomarkers and mechanistic factors in cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most fatal disease that causes sudden death, and inflammation contributes substantially to its occurrence and progression. The prevalence of CVD increases as the population ages, and the pathophysiology is complex. Anti-inflammatory and immunological modulation are the potential methods for CVD prevention and treatment. High-Mobility Group (HMG) chromosomal proteins are one of the most abundant nuclear nonhistone proteins which act as inflammatory mediators in DNA replication, transcription, and repair by producing cytokines and serving as damage-associated molecular patterns in inflammatory responses. The most common and well-studied HMG proteins are those with an HMGB domain, which participate in a variety of biological processes. HMGB1 and HMGB2 were the first members of the HMGB family to be identified and are present in all investigated eukaryotes. Our review is primarily concerned with the involvement of HMGB1 and HMGB2 in CVD. The purpose of this review is to provide a theoretical framework for diagnosing and treating CVD by discussing the structure and function of HMGB1 and HMGB2.