A Mini-review on Recent Strategies and Applications of Nanomedicines to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance.

ABSTRACT

One of the key factors contributing to mortality and morbidity globally is infectious ailments. According to recent statistics from WHO, amplified antimicrobial resistance occurrence among bacteria signifies the utmost threat to global public health. Bacteria have developed various strategies to resist antimicrobials, including enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics, drug efflux, modifications of the antibiotic molecule or chemical alteration of the antibiotic, limited drug uptake, etc. Furthermore, the inefficiency of antimicrobial drugs against resistant bacteria due to low solubility, instability, and associated side effects augments challenges to combat these resistant pathogens. This has attracted the attention of researchers to create nano-delivery and targeting techniques. This review presents an overview of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), its various subtypes, as well as mechanisms involved in AMR. This review also describes current strategies and applications of various nanocarriers, including nanoparticles, liposomes, lipid-based nanoparticles, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles.