Structure-Activity Relationships of Triphenylethylene Derivatives and Their Evaluation as Anticancer and Antiviral Agents.

ABSTRACT

Tamoxifen (TAM) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that is used in the treatment of breast cancer, yet with the risk of developing uterine cancer. A perfect SERM would act as an estrogen activator on bones, the cardiovascular system, and the central nervous system while providing neutral or estrogen blocking effects on the breast and the uterus. Herein, we report on the design, synthesis, and evaluation of new rigid and flexible TAM analogues. Mainly, a chloro substituent is introduced at the para position of the TAM ring C blocking the CYP2D6 hydroxylation site. Most compounds showed estrogenic activity higher than TAM using the yeast estrogen screen assays, indicating the determinant role of the chloro substituent upon functional activity. Despite being estrogenic, compound 2B showed potent antiproliferative activity in the NCI 60 cell lines with mean GI50 = 3.67 µM, GI50 = 1.05 µM on MCF-7 cell lines, and GI50 = 1.30 µM on MDA-MB-231. The estrogenic activity of compound 2B was further confirmed by stimulating alkaline phosphatase in Ishikawa cells, and it showed no increase in relative uterine wet weight in ovariectomized rats. Compound 2F showed EC90 = 0.31 µg/mL and SI90 = 60 against Ebola virus; this is 200-fold more potent than the positive control favipiravir. This is the first time to report estrogenic triphenylethylenes as anti-EBOV agents. The anti-EBOV activity reported is a function of the substitution pattern of the scaffold rather than the functional activity. Moreover, compound 3D showed excellent PO pharmacokinetic properties in mice. In conclusion, for this class of TAM-like compounds, the blockage of the p-position of ring C is decisive for the functional activity; meanwhile, the triarylethylene substitution pattern is detrimental for the antiviral activity.