Resistant hypertension: challenges in everyday practice.

Resistant hypertension is defined as not achieving sufficient control of blood pressure (BP), that is, maintaining BP values equal to or above 140/90 mm Hg when using 3 antihypertensive drugs, including diuretics, properly combined and at maximum doses. The uncontrolled treated hypertension should be confirmed in out­of­office BP measurements, preferably with 24­hour ambulatory BP monitoring. Demographic and clinical characteristics indicate that patients with resistant hypertension are older than the general population of patients with arterial hypertension and more often suffer from comorbidities. When resistant hypertension is suspected, it is necessary to assess whether optimal pharmacotherapy has been prescribed, including appropriate combinations of antihypertensive drugs and diuretics at appropriate doses. It is also important to exclude parallel use of drugs that may have unfavorable interactions leading to an increase in BP. A common cause of pseudoresistant hypertension is a patient's failure to comply with therapeutic recommendations, including a lack of lifestyle changes and nonadherence to the prescribed medication regimen. An important step in management of resistant hypertension is targeted screening with diagnostic tests for secondary hypertension. Expanding of the drug therapy beyond a 3­drug regimen should include a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, in particular spironolactone. In selected patients, device­based hypertension treatment might be considered.