The human genetic variant rs6190 unveils Foxc1 and Arid5a as novel pro-metabolic targets of the glucocorticoid receptor in muscle.

ABSTRACT

Genetic variations in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene NR3C1 can impact metabolism. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs6190 (p.R23K) has been associated in humans with enhanced metabolic health, but the SNP mechanism of action remains completely unknown. We generated a transgenic knock-in mice genocopying this polymorphism to elucidate how the mutant GR impacts metabolism. Compared to non-mutant littermates, mutant mice showed increased muscle insulin sensitivity and strength on regular chow and high-fat diet, blunting the diet-induced adverse effects on weight gain and exercise intolerance. Overlay of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq profiling in skeletal muscle revealed increased transactivation of Foxc1 and Arid5A genes by the mutant GR. Using adeno-associated viruses for in vivo overexpression in muscle, we found that Foxc1 was sufficient to transcriptionally activate the insulin response pathway genes Insr and Irs1. In parallel, Arid5a was sufficient to transcriptionally repress the lipid uptake genes Cd36 and Fabp4, reducing muscle triacylglycerol accumulation. Collectively, our findings identify a muscle-autonomous epigenetic mechanism of action for the rs6190 SNP effect on metabolic homeostasis, while leveraging a human nuclear receptor coding variant to unveil Foxc1 and Arid5a as novel epigenetic regulators of muscle metabolism.