Surface modification of the laser powder bed-fused Ti-Zr-Nb scaffolds by dynamic chemical etching and Ag nanoparticles decoration.

ABSTRACT

Metallic lattice scaffolds are designed to mimic the architecture and mechanical properties of bone tissue and their surface compatibility is of primary importance. This study presents a novel surface modification protocol for metallic lattice scaffolds printed from a superelastic Ti-Zr-Nb alloy. This protocol consists of dynamic chemical etching (DCE) followed by silver nanoparticles (AgNP) decoration. DCE, using an 1HF + 3HNO3 + 12H2O23% based solution, was used to remove partially-fused particles from the surfaces of different as-built lattice structures (rhombic dodecahedron, sheet gyroid, and Voronoi polyhedra). Subsequently, an antibacterial coating was synthesized on the surface of the scaffolds by a controlled (20 min at a fixed volume flowrate of 500 mL/min) pumping of the functionalization solutions (NaBH4 (2 mg/mL) and AgNO3 (1 mg/mL)) through the porous structures. Following these treatments, the scaffolds' surfaces were found to be densely populated with Ag nanoparticles and their agglomerates, and manifested an excellent antibacterial effect (Ag ion release rate of 4-8 ppm) suppressing the growth of both E. coli and B. subtilis bacteria up to 99 %. The scaffold extracts showed no cytotoxicity and did not affect cell proliferation, indicating their safety for subsequent use as implants. A cytocompatibility assessment using MG-63 spheroids demonstrated good attachment, spreading, and active migration of cells on the scaffold surface (over 96 % of living cells), confirming their biotolerance. These findings suggest the promise of this surface modification approach for developing superelastic Ti-Zr-Nb scaffolds with superior antibacterial properties and biocompatibility, making them highly suitable for bone implant applications.