Intraventricular haemorrhage in premature infants: the role of immature neuronal salt and water transport.

ABSTRACT

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a common complication of premature birth. Survivors are often left with cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, and/or hydrocephalus. Animal models suggest that brain tissue shrinkage with subsequent vascular stretch and tear is an important step in the pathophysiology, but the cause of this shrinkage is unknown. Clinical risk factors for IVH are biomarkers of hypoxic-ischemic stress, which causes mature neurons to swell. However, immature neuronal volume might shift in the opposite direction under these conditions. This is because immature neurons express the chloride salt and water transporter NKCC1, which subserves regulatory volume increases in nonneural cells, whereas mature neurons express KCC2, which subserves regulatory volume decreases. When hypoxic ischemic conditions reduce active ion transport and increase the cytoplasmic membrane permeability, the effects of these transporters will be diminished. As a consequence, while mature neurons swell (cytotoxic edema) immature neurons might shrink. After hypoxic-ischemic stress, in vivo and in vitro multi-photon imaging of perinatal transgenic mice demonstrated shrinkage of viable immature neurons, bulk tissue shrinkage, and blood vessel displacement. Neuronal shrinkage was correlated with age-dependent membrane salt and water transporter expression using immunohistochemistry. Shrinkage of immature neurons was prevented by prior genetic or pharmacological inhibition of NKCC1 transport. These findings open new avenues of investigation for the detection of acute brain injury by neuroimaging, as well as prevention of neuronal shrinkage and the ensuing IVH, in premature infants.