Non-target liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry screening to prioritize unregulated micropollutants that persist through domestic wastewater treatment.

ABSTRACT

Efforts to regulate and monitor emerging contaminants are insufficient because new chemicals are continually brought to market, and many are unregulated and potentially harmful. Domestic wastewater treatment plants are not designed to remove micropollutants and are important sources of emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment. In this study, non-target screening, an unbiased method for analyzing compounds without prior information, was used to identify compounds that may be emitted in wastewater treatment plant effluent and should be monitored. Nine wastewater treatment plants using different treatment methods were studied, and a non-target screening data-processing method was used. The frequencies at which the contaminants were detected and contaminant persistence through the treatment processes were considered, and then the contaminants were prioritized. The predicted no-effect concentration of each prioritized contaminant was used to determine whether further analysis and monitoring of the contaminant was necessary. Quantitative analyses of five compounds (amantadine, atenolol, benzotriazole, diphenhydramine, and sulpiride) were performed using reference standards. Probable molecular formulae and structures were proposed for 17 contaminants, and the risks posed by the contaminants were estimated using predicted no-effect concentrations. The results provide valuable insights into how unregulated micropollutants can be identified and prioritized for monitoring in future studies.