Estimating lead-attributable mortality burden by socioeconomic status in the USA.
Int J Epidemiol
; 53(4)2024 Jun 12.
Article
in En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-38990179
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND:
This study aimed to estimate population-level and state-level lead-attributable mortality burdens stratified by socioeconomic status (SES) class in the USA.METHODS:
Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we constructed individual-level SES scores from income, employment, education and insurance data. We assessed the association between the blood lead levels (BLL) and all-cause mortality by Cox regression in the NHANES cohort (n = 31â311, 4467 deaths). With estimated hazard ratios (HR) and prevalences of medium (2-5 µg/dL) and high (≥ 5 µg/dL) BLL, we computed SES-stratified population-attributable fractions (PAFs) of all-cause mortality from lead exposure across 1999-2019. We additionally conducted a systematic review to estimate the lead-attributable mortality burden at state-level.RESULTS:
The HR for every 2-fold increase in the BLL decreased from 1.23 (1.10-1.38) for the lowest SES class to 1.05 (0.90-1.23) for the highest SES class. Across all SES quintiles, medium BLL exhibited a greater mortality burden. Individuals with lower SES had higher lead-attributable burdens, and such disparities haver persisted over the past two decades. In 2017-19, annually 67â000 (32â000-112â000) deaths in the USA were attributable to lead exposure, with 18â000 (2000-41â000) of these deaths occurring in the lowest SES class. Substantial disparities in the state-level mortality burden attributable to lead exposure were also highlighted.CONCLUSIONS:
These findings suggested that disparities in lead-attributable mortality burden persisted within US adults, due to heterogeneities in the effect sizes of lead exposure as well as in the BLL among different SES classes.Key words
Full text:
1
Collection:
01-internacional
Database:
MEDLINE
Main subject:
Social Class
/
Nutrition Surveys
/
Lead
Limits:
Adult
/
Aged
/
Female
/
Humans
/
Male
/
Middle aged
Country/Region as subject:
America do norte
Language:
En
Journal:
Int J Epidemiol
Year:
2024
Document type:
Article
Affiliation country:
China
Publication country:
ENGLAND
/
ESCOCIA
/
GB
/
GREAT BRITAIN
/
INGLATERRA
/
REINO UNIDO
/
SCOTLAND
/
UK
/
UNITED KINGDOM