Impaired microglial glycolysis promotes inflammatory responses after intracerebral haemorrhage via HK2-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating disease that leads to severe neurological deficits. Microglia are the first line of defence in the brain and play a crucial role in neurological recovery after ICH, whose activities are primarily driven by glucose metabolism. However, little is known regarding the status of glucose metabolism in microglia and its interactions with inflammatory responses after ICH. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated microglial glycolysis and its mechanistic effects on microglial inflammation after ICH. METHODS: We explored the status of glucose metabolism in the ipsilateral region and in fluorescence-activated-cell-sorting-isolated (FACS-isolated) microglia via 2-deoxy-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) analyses and gamma emission, respectively. Energy-related targeted metabolomics, along with 13C-glucose isotope tracing, was utilised to analyse glycolytic products in microglia. Mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (MitoROS) accumulation was assessed by flow cytometry. Behavioural, western blotting, gene regulation, and enzymatic activity analyses were conducted with a focus on microglia. RESULTS: Neurological dysfunction was strongly correlated with decreased FDG-PET signals in the perihaematomal region, where microglial uptake of FDG was reduced. The decreased quantity of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) in microglia was attributed to the downregulation of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and hexokinase 2 (HK2). Enhanced inflammatory responses were driven by HK2 suppression via decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, which could be rescued by MitoROS scavengers. HK inhibitors aggravated neurological injury by suppressing FDG uptake and enhancing microglial inflammation in ICH mice. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate an unexpected metabolic status in pro-inflammatory microglia after ICH, consisting of glycolysis impairment caused by the downregulation of GLUT1 and HK2. Additionally, HK2 suppression promotes inflammatory responses by disrupting mitochondrial function, providing insight into the mechanisms by which inflammation may be facilitated after ICH and indicating that metabolic enzymes as potential targets for ICH treatment.