Immunochemical detection of proteins and nucleic acids on filters using small luminescent inorganic crystals as markers.

ABSTRACT

A new luminescent marker for the immunochemical detection of proteins and nucleic acids on filters is reported. The label consists of inorganic crystals, generally called phosphors, with a particle size of 0.1-0.3 microns, stabilized in suspension with polycarboxylic acids and subsequently conjugated to immunoreactive macromolecules. Immunophosphor conjugates exhibit slowly decaying fluorescence that is strong and practically nonfading and not sensitive to quenching by water molecules. They are therefore suited for conventional fluorescence detection as well as for time-resolved detection. The lifetime of the phosphors was in the micro/milliseconds range upon excitation with ultraviolet light. Proteins or nucleic acids immobilized on nitrocellulose filters were detected immunochemically or by hybridization, using haptenized nucleic acid probes followed by immunochemical detection, respectively. The ultimate detection limit of proteins, using phosphor-labeled macromolecules including an immunochemical amplification step, was found to be 10 fg. The detection limit of nucleic acids was 300 fg for demonstration of hapten-labeled probes and 10 pg in hybridization formats with hapten-labeled probes. The sensitivity of methods using phosphor-labeled macromolecules was in all cases as good as or better than that of methods using alkaline phosphatase developed to NBT/BCIP. The use of immunophosphors for detection of proteins and nucleic acids on Western and Southern blots is demonstrated. Finally, the use of multiple phosphors with different kinetic and spectral characteristics for multiparameter studies is indicated.