[Influence of arterial hypertension on diabetic retinopathy]. / Influence de l'hypertension artérielle sur la rétinopathie diabétique.

In the industrialized countries, diabetic retinopathy represents the most frequent cause of blindness during the period of active life. It occurs as two distinct clinical entities: non proliferating retinopathy characterized by dilatation of the retinal capillary bed and alterations in their vascular wall responsible for an increase in permeability, and proliferating retinopathy characterized by the appearance of pre-retinal neovessels secondary to the presence of vast zones of retinal ischemia. Numerous risk factors are implicated in the development of diabetic retinopathy: the primordial factor is the optimal equilibration of blood glucose levels. The primum movens of these diabetic lesions could be intoxication of the pericipets and endothelial cells of the retinal capillaries by an accumulation of sorbitol and fructose in this region. Additionally, the hyperglycemia suppresses the functioning of the retinal blood flow feed back system. An increase in systemic blood pressure will therefore be transmitted directly to the damaged capillary bed. In type II diabetes (NID), worsening of the diabetic retinopathy correlates with elevation of the systolic blood pressure. In type I diabetes (ID), worsening of the diabetic retinopathy correlates with an elevated diastolic blood pressure. A diastolic pressure of less than 74 mm Hg is a statistically significant protective factor against the worsening of type I diabetic retinopathy.