Stabilisation surgery for chronic low back pain: indications, surgical procedures, and outcome.

Spinal fusion was introduced as a treatment option for chronic low back pain >70 years ago. However, few areas of spinal surgery have caused as much controversy. The debate about whether to use an anterior-, posterior- or anterior + posterior approach has persisted since the 1930s. Within the last 10 years, the effects of different spinal fusion procedures have been tested in 10 randomized controlled trails (RCT). A highly significant improvement over preoperative status was found in all 10 studies. Two recent RCTs have dealt with the question of conservative versus operative treatment of patients with low back pain, and both studies have shown a significant better functional outcome for spinal fusion in situ, compared with a more or less organized exercise programme at 2-year follow-up. The choice of postoperative rehabilitation strategy has also been shown to be of importance for overall functional outcome. One study has demonstrated the importance of the inclusion of coping schemes, and questioned the role of intensive exercises in a rehabilitation programme for spinal fusion patients.