Cholesterol secoaldehyde induces apoptosis in J774 macrophages via mitochondrial pathway but not involving reactive oxygen species as mediators.

ABSTRACT

Cholesterol secoaldehyde (3beta-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al or ChSeco) is an oxysterol known to be formed in reactions of ozone with cholesterol and also when cholesterol-5alpha-hydroperoxide undergoes Hock cleavage. In view of its widespread occurrence and atherogenic potential, we examined the effects of ChSeco on mouse J774 macrophage viability and events associated with apoptosis. A dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, disruptions in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (64+/-5.5%; mean+/-SD, n=3), increased levels of cytosolic cytochrome c (8.8+/-0.84 ng/ml; mean+/-SD, n=3), activation of caspase-3 (ca. 3.6-fold) and caspase-9 (ca.1.8-fold), and increased DNA fragmentation (ca. 5-fold), all indicative of apoptosis, were observed in response to exposure to ChSeco. The apoptotic nature of cell death in macrophages was confirmed by dual staining with acridine orange and ethidium bromide. However, unlike the case with cardiomyoblasts and neuronal cells, the apoptotic process in these immune cells was not mediated by increased levels of reactive oxygen species as indicated by a minimal or no increase in 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence. It is suggested that the apoptotic process is mediated via the mitochondrial pathway and that ChSeco formed in biological environments contributes to the initiation, progression, and culmination of atherosclerotic plaque formation, as these processes are critically dependent on macrophage apoptosis.