Extrapolating the acute behavioral effects of toluene from 1- to 24-h exposures in rats: roles of dose metric and metabolic and behavioral tolerance.

ABSTRACT

Recent research on the acute effects of volatile organic compounds suggests that extrapolation from short (∼1 h) to long durations (up to 4 h) may be improved by using estimates of brain toluene concentration (Br[Tol]) instead of cumulative inhaled dose (C × t) as a metric of dose. This study compared predictions of these two dose metrics on the acute behavioral effects of inhaled toluene in rats during exposures up to 24 h in duration. We first evaluated estimates of Br[Tol] with a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for rats intermittently performing an operant task while inhaling toluene for up to 24 h. Exposure longer than 6 h induced P450-mediated metabolism of toluene. Adjusting the corresponding parameters of the PBTK model improved agreement between estimated and observed values of Br[Tol] in the 24-h exposure scenario. Rats were trained to perform a visual signal detection task and were then tested while inhaling toluene (0, 1125, and 1450 ppm for 24 h and 1660 ppm for 21 h). Tests occurred at times yielding equivalent C × t products but different estimates of Br[Tol], and also at 1 and 6 h afterexposure. Effects of toluene were better predicted by Br[Tol] than by C × t. However, even using Br[Tol] as the dose metric (after accounting for metabolic induction), acute dose-effect functions during 24-h exposures were shifted to the right relative to 1-h exposures, indicating that a dynamic behavioral tolerance also developed during prolonged exposure to toluene.