Predictors of delayed-type hypersensitivity to Candida albicans and anti-Epstein-Barr virus antibody among children in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.

ABSTRACT

We evaluated sex, age, nutritional status, and infectious disease (ID) as predictors of two biomarkers of cell-mediated immunity (CMI), delayed-type hypersensitivity to Candida albicans (DTH-Candida), and anti-Epstein-Barr virus antibody (EBV Ab), among 200 children in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. DTH-Candida, which decreases with compromised CMI, was positively associated with age (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.02, 1.57) and triceps skinfold (TSF; OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.02, 1.26), and inversely associated with height-for-age Z score (HAZ; OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.68, 1.08) and diagnosed ID (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.22, 1.08). There was significant interaction between TSF and ID DTH-Candida exhibited a strong inverse association with ID among children with low TSF (OR 0.16; 95% CI 0.05, 0.50) and a strong positive association with TSF among children with ID (OR 2.64; 95% CI 1.29, 5.42). EBV Ab, which increases with compromised CMI, was inversely associated with male sex (ß -0.47; 95% CI -0.70, -0.24) and TSF (ß -0.04; 95% CI -0.08, 0.00), and positively associated with HAZ (ß 0.06; 95% CI -0.03, 0.15). Among males, EBV Ab was positively associated with anemia. Among normal HAZ children, EBV Ab was inversely associated with TSF. There was no association between DTH-Candida and EBV Ab. While DTH-Candida provides a direct measure of CMI, our results suggest that interpretation of EBV-Ab among Kilimanjaro children was complicated by its indirect relationship with CMI. Among our sample, CMI increased with age and adequate nutrition and was compromised during acute ID. The suggestive CMI-compromising effect of increasing height-for-age may bear further exploration.