Ultrasonographic Examination of the Spinal Cord and Collection of Cerebrospinal Fluid from the Atlanto-Occipital Space in Cattle.

ABSTRACT

Ultrasonography is useful for the visualization of the spinal cord and associated structures and facilitates the safe collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the atlanto-occipital space in cattle. This technique is less stressful than the blind puncture technique because it does not require strong ventroflexion of the head. Furthermore, painful puncture of the spinal cord can largely be avoided when ultrasound guidance is used.