National Estimates of Exposure to Formaldehyde in Italian Workplaces.

Purpose: Formaldehyde is classified as human carcinogen and the association with nasopharyngeal cancer has been observed in many epidemiological studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate data about occupational exposure levels to formaldehyde in the Italian working force. Methods: Airborne concentrations of formaldehyde were extracted from the Italian database on occupational exposure to carcinogens and refer to the period 1996-2014. Descriptive statistics were calculated for exposure-related variables. The number of workers potentially exposed was estimated for the activity sectors better characterized in the database. An analysis through linear mixed models was performed to determine factors influencing the exposure level. Results: A total of 1610 formaldehyde exposure measurements were selected from the database, having an overall arithmetic mean of 0.12 mg m-3 and a geometric mean of 0.04 mg m-3. The activity sectors with the highest number of measurements were the manufacturing of chemicals and chemicals products (N = 529) in men and the health and social work in women (N = 105). The number of workers potentially exposed in the selected sectors was 49450, and the most predictive independent variables of the exposure level resulted to be the occupational group and the year of measurement. Conclusions: The occupational exposure to formaldehyde occurs in a variety of different sectors, but currently workers at higher risk are those employed in the healthcare sector and in the wood processing industry. Prevention measures have to be targeted to reduce the risk to workers' health, also in a gender perspective. This study confirms the important role of occupational exposure databases as a valuable source of data for the epidemiological assessment of risks in workplaces.