Analyses of Clinical Features and Investigations on Potential Mechanisms in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and Olfactory Dysfunction.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: OD is common in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the relationship between OD and clinical symptoms and the potential mechanisms of OD in AD patients are still unknown. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between OD and clinical symptoms and the potential mechanisms of OD in AD patients. METHODS: We evaluated OD using the Hyposmia Rating Scale (HRS), classified patients into AD with OD (AD-OD) and AD with no OD (AD-NOD) groups, and detected the levels of free radicals and inflammatory factors, including hydroxyl radical (•OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide, interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and prostaglandin E2 in serum from AD patients. RESULTS: It was shown that the scores of the Mini-Mental State Examination, Animal Fluency Test, Boston Naming Test (BNT), and Auditory Verbal Learning Test-delayed recall were all significantly lower and the score of overall activity of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL were significantly higher in AD-OD group than those in AD-NOD group. Compared with AD-NOD group, •OH level in serum was prominently elevated, and H2O2 level was dramatically declined in AD-OD group. In the correlation analysis, HRS score was significantly and positively correlated with the score of BNT, and negatively correlated with •OH level in serum. CONCLUSIONS: AD-OD patients suffered from severe cognitive impairment in the domain of language. Oxidative stress might be correlated with AD-OD featured by the drastically increased •OH level in serum.