Cost-Effectiveness of Stock Epinephrine Autoinjectors on Commercial Aircraft.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: In-flight food-allergic reactions are rare events, but given increasing reports, grass-root advocates have lobbied to replace aircraft emergency kit epinephrine ampules with autoinjectors. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of stock epinephrine on commercial aircraft. METHODS: We conducted a Markov model with microsimulation of food-allergic individuals over an 80-year time horizon to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of supplementing airline medical kits with epinephrine autoinjectors (eg, providing autoinjector twin-packs in addition to the epinephrine ampule in the medical kit), versus not doing so, using a per-plane annual value-based cost ceiling of $338 (the value-based ceiling for school stock epinephrine). We assumed that autoinjector availability reduced fatality risk by 10%. RESULTS: Equipping all commercial aircraft with autoinjectors cost $2,470,422/year ($0.08/passenger-at-risk), from a societal perspective and when distributed over all at-risk travelers. Over the model horizon, the supplemental autoinjector strategy cost $32,329.29 (standard deviation [SD], $4024.32) versus $32,326.70 (SD $4024.29), produced 26.8917 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) (SD, 2.9720) versus 26.8915 (SD, 2.9725), with a lower fatality rate (0.00012; SD, 0.01095 vs 0.00015; SD, 0.1225) versus the ampule-only strategy. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of supplemental airline epinephrine autoinjectors was $10,766/QALY in the base-case analysis. The supplemental model remained cost-effective at a willingness to pay threshold of $100,000/QALY if it produced a minimum 1.4% annual food allergy fatality risk reduction, and dominated if it lowered diversion risk or event-related medical care costs-per-event by 10%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Under base-case scenarios, an airline supplemental stock epinephrine model is cost-effective, with a high value-based cost-ceiling and low annual cost per passenger-at-risk of $0.08.