Microenvironmental Interplay Predominated by Beneficial Aspergillus Abates Fungal Pathogen Incidence in Paddy Environment.

Rice fungal pathogens, responsible for severe rice yield loss and biotoxin contamination, cause increasing concerns on environmental safety and public health. In the paddy environment, we observed that the asymptomatic rice phyllosphere microenvironment was dominated by an indigenous fungus, Aspergillus cvjetkovicii, which positively correlated with alleviated incidence of Magnaporthe oryzae, one of the most aggressive plant pathogens. Through the comparative metabolic profiling for the rice phyllosphere microenvironment, two metabolites were assigned as exclusively enriched metabolic markers in the asymptomatic phyllosphere and increased remarkably in a population-dependent manner with A. cvjetkovicii. These two metabolites evidenced to be produced by A. cvjetkovicii in either a phyllosphere microenvironment or artificial media were purified and identified as 2(3H)-benzofuranone and azulene, respectively, by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Combining with bioassay analysis in vivo and in vitro, we found that 2(3H)-benzofuranone and azulene exerted dissimilar actions at the stage of infection-related development of M. oryzae. A. cvjetkovicii produced 2(3H)-benzofuranone at the early stage to suppress MoPer1 gene expression, leading to inhibited mycelial growth, while azulene produced lately was involved in blocking of appressorium formation by downregulation of MgRac1. More profoundly, the microenvironmental interplay dominated by A. cvjetkovicii significantly blocked M. oryzae epidemics in the paddy environment from 54.7 to 68.5% (p < 0.05). Our study first demonstrated implication of the microenvironmental interplay dominated by indigenous and beneficial fungus to ecological balance and safety of the paddy environment.