Barriers to Prostate Cancer Screening by Men in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Integrated Review.

PURPOSE: The aim of this integrative review was to synthesize findings of the published studies on barriers to prostate cancer screening by men in sub-Saharan Africa. DESIGN AND METHOD: Five-step Cooper integrative methodology guided this review. Electronic databases, including the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, EBSCOHOST, MEDLINE, ProQuest, and PsycINFO, were searched using specific search terms in combinations to identify relevant articles for the review. Through this process, 83 articles were retrieved and evaluated for duplications and relevance of titles, abstracts, and content. Seventeen articles met the inclusion criteria and were judged to be methodologically adequate. These articles were published between 2008 and 2018. FINDINGS: Studies that met the inclusion criteria were from seven sub-Saharan countries, including Burkina Faso (n = 1), Ghana (n = 1), Kenya (n = 2), Namibia (n = 1), Nigeria (n = 8), South Africa (n = 3), and Uganda (n = 1). The most common barrier was lack of knowledge, followed by perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs that hindered screening and testing for prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from the integrative review suggest that individuals with low levels of education tend to lack knowledge, cannot comprehend information, and are mistrustful about prostate cancer screening. Low socio-economic status was also associated with poor prostate screening and testing uptake. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Evidence from this review demonstrates that lack of knowledge is a major barrier for prostate screening among men in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa.