Phase variation with altering phosphorylcholine expression of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae affects bacteria clearance and mucosal immune response in the middle ear and nasopharynx.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a chief pathogen in both acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion. Phosphorylcholine (ChoP) is expressed on lipooligosaccharides, and ChoP has phase variation, which is related to its adhesion to and invasion of epithelial cells in the upper airway. However, little is known about the role of ChoP expression. We examined the kinetics of the mucosal clearance of NTHi from the nose and middle ear and the mucosal immune response to NTHi infection by comparing ChoP(+) and ChoP(-) strains in a mouse model of middle ear and nasal challenge. METHODS: Six-week-old male BALB/c mice were subjected to bacterial challenge in the middle ear and nasopharynx. Mice were inoculated with a suspension of a ChoP(+) strain or ChoP(-) strain of NTHi. On days 1, 3, and 7 after inoculation, the middle ear wash (MEW) and nasal wash (NW) were harvested from each group. The samples were used for bacterial counts and the supernatant was used to measure the level of cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS: MEWs in the ChoP(+) strain group had significantly higher bacterial counts than those in the ChoP(-) strain group on day 1. However, bacteria were eradicated in the ChoP(+) strain group on day 7. NWs in the ChoP(+) strain group had higher bacterial counts than those in the ChoP(-) strain group during the experiment, however, there was no significant difference between the two strains. The levels of cytokines were significantly higher in the ChoP(-) strain group than in the ChoP(+) strain group in MEWs, but these cytokine levels were low in NWs. The CRP concentration in the ChoP(-) group was high on day 7 in the MEWs. In NWs, the CRP concentration was low in all groups during the experiment. CONCLUSION: ChoP expression of NTHi changes the organism susceptible to killing by CRP, and the ChoP(+) strain might be gradually eradicated from the middle ear via the CRP-complement cascade, but not from nasopharynx. Based on our findings, phase variation by altering Phosphorylcholine expression of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae affects bacteria clearance and mucosal immune response in the middle ear and nasopharynx.