Retinoid combined with photodynamic therapy against hyperkeratotic chromoblastomycosis: A case report and literature review.

Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a chronic granulomatous fungal infection caused by melanised or brown-pigmented fungi. It can lead to chronic persistent infections and may cause incapacity for labour in some severe clinical forms. The optimal therapy for CBM is still uncertain. Here, we reported the case of a 66-year-old male who has had red plaque and recurrent keratinised protrusions on his right forearm for 20 years. He was treated orally with terbinafine, itraconazole and isotretinoin. He also received carbon dioxide(CO2 ) laser to eradicate the keratinised protrusions and promote the penetration of photosensitiser. After the CO2 laser, 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) was adopted immediately to inhibiting the growth of fungi in subcutaneous tissue. The patient received an important improvement with a plaque and crust reduction after 4 months. For such recalcitrant case of chromoblastomycosis, the use of retinoid, CO2 laser combined with ALA-PDT may be a new adjuvant therapy. We further reviewed the cases of chromoblastomycosis treated with laser, photodynamic therapy or retinoic acid.