Dietary shifts and diversities of individual life histories reveal cultural dynamics and interplay of millets and rice in the Chengdu Plain, China during the Late Neolithic (2500-2000 cal. BC).

OBJECTIVES: We undertook a more comprehensive analyses than our previous study (Yi et al., International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2018, 28, 636-644) at the Gaoshan site (~2500-2000 cal. BC) to expand our understanding of the different roles of rice and millets to human subsistence strategies, diachronic shift of human diets, diversity of human life histories and cultural influence (dental ablation) to human population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Carbon and nitrogen isotopic analyses of human (ribs and long bones, n = 68) and animal (n = 15) bones as well as carbonized seeds from rice and millets (n = 8) were undertaken. Human bones were directly AMS-14 C dated. In addition, sequential sampling of 16 individuals with varied age and sex and cultural contexts for isotopic analysis was also conducted. RESULTS: The calibrated dating results (n = 27) indicate that there existed two periods of occupation at the site, ~2500-2200 BC and ~2200-1900 BC. Moderate high δ15 N values were found in the crops. Isotopic data from bone collagen suggest that the humans mainly relied on C3 -based animal protein and were supplemented by C4 -based foods. This isotopic pattern is also seen in pigs. Significant difference of human δ13 C values (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.05) between the two periods was observed. Compared to the bones, the isotopic data of human dentine serial sections show a much wider variability and higher δ13 C values. DISCUSSION: The crops (millets and rice) were probably manured. Human individuals subsisted on rice/millet agriculture and pigs in general. In combination with the radiocarbon dates, the increase of C3 (rice) consumption by the humans was found from the early (2500-2200 cal. BC) to late (2200-2000 cal. BC) periods, indicating the intensification of rice agriculture through time. However, four categories of human life histories during childhood are identified given different isotopic profiles of dentine sections, demonstrating that C3 (rice) and C4 (millets)-based foods played different roles in human lives. Even though, there were similar weaning practices among the human populations. It is surprising that human individuals with dental ablation, cultural characteristic in the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Valley, consumed more millets during childhood in the early period than those without dental ablation in the late period. Our study here provides novel insights into cultural dynamics and the interplay between rice and millets in rice-millet agricultural system during the Late Neolithic in Southwest China.