Phylogenetic analysis of eight species of Anomopoda based on transcriptomic and mitochondrial DNA sequences.

Anomopoda is the widespread planktonic microcrustacean, which plays a crucial role in aquatic ecosystem. There are few studies about the evolutionary relationships among various Anomopoda basing on molecular data. In the present study, phylogenetic analysis of eight Anomopoda was carried out. Firstly, the culture system was developed to breed cladocerans. By using this system, eight species (Daphnia magna, D. pulex, D. sinensis, Ceriodaphnia reticulata, Moina micrura, Scapholeberis kingi, Simocephalus vetulus and Eurycercus lamellatus) were purified and cultured stably in the laboratory. Then, transcriptomic sequences and partial mitochondrial DNA sequences were both used to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree among 8 species. Transcriptomic sequences were sequenced on Illumina Hiseq 2500 platform. After assembly and annotation, transcriptomic sequences were spliced together and aligned for phylogenetic analysis. Basing on the orthologous genes derived from transcriptomic sequences, the phylogenetic analysis showed that 4 genera of Daphniidae were clustered into one group, and among the 4 genera, Ceriodaphnia was closer to Daphnia than Simocephalus, while Scapholeberis was farthest from other species. In addition, Eurycercidae was closer to Daphniidae than Moinidae. The phylogenetic trees based on both 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA sequences were similar with that based on transcriptomic sequences. Meanwhile, the phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA sequences was more suitable than that based on 12S rRNA sequences. These results suggested that the phylogenetic analysis basing on the transcriptomic sequences was available in cladocerans, which will help us to effectively understand the phylogenetic relationships among various cladocerans.