Household Water Is the Main Source of Iodine Consumption among Women in Hargeisa, Somaliland: A Cross-Sectional Study.
J Nutr
; 152(2): 587-596, 2022 02 08.
Article
en En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-34718666
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND:
Iodine status surveys of women in Somaliland present widely conflicting results. Previous research indicates elevated concentrations of iodine (IQR 18-72 µg/L) in groundwater used for drinking and cooking, but the relation with iodine intake is not well characterized.OBJECTIVES:
We aimed to investigate the contributions of household water iodine concentration (WIC), breastfeeding, total fluid intake, hydration levels, and urine volume on urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and excretion (UIE) over a 24-h period and to define iodine status from iodine intake estimates and median UIC, normalized to a mean urine volume of 1.38 L/d (hydration adjusted).METHODS:
The study sample comprised 118 nonpregnant, healthy women aged 15-69 y. All participants resided in Hargeisa, and 27 were breastfeeding. Data collection consisted of a 24-h urine collection, a 24-h fluid intake diary, a beverage frequency questionnaire, and a structured recall interview. We measured UIC and WIC in all urine and in 49 household water samples using the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction.RESULTS:
WIC ranged between 3 and 188 µg/L, with significant median differences across the water sources and city districts (P < 0.003). Nonbreastfeeding women were borderline iodine sufficient [hydration-adjusted median urinary iodine concentration (mUIC) 109 µg/L; 95% CI 97, 121 µg/L], whereas breastfeeding women showed a mild iodine deficiency (73 µg/L; 95% CI 54, 90 µg/L). There were strong correlations (ρ 0.50-0.69, P = 0.001) between WIC and UIC, with iodine from household water contributing more than one-half of the total iodine intake. Multivariate regression showed hydration and breastfeeding status to be the main predictors of UIC.CONCLUSIONS:
Iodine from household water is the main contributor to total iodine intake among women in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Variation in female hydration and spatial and temporal WIC may explain diverging mUIC between studies. Water sources at the extremes of low and high iodine concentrations increase the risk of subpopulations with insufficient or more than adequate iodine intake.Palabras clave
Texto completo:
1
Colección:
01-internacional
Base de datos:
MEDLINE
Asunto principal:
Agua Potable
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Yodo
Tipo de estudio:
Observational_studies
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Prevalence_studies
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Prognostic_studies
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Qualitative_research
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Risk_factors_studies
Límite:
Adolescent
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Adult
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Aged
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Female
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Humans
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Middle aged
Idioma:
En
Revista:
J Nutr
Año:
2022
Tipo del documento:
Article
País de afiliación:
Noruega
Pais de publicación:
EEUU
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ESTADOS UNIDOS
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ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMERICA
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EUA
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UNITED STATES
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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US
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USA