Volumetric Monitoring and Extravascular Lung Water in Perioperative Setting and Critically Ill.

In the new century, our diagnostic armamentarium has been significantly reinforced by the 'three-dimensional' volumetric haemodynamic monitoring currently available at the bedside in many perioperative and intensive care settings. The volumetric approach has improved our insight into the haemodynamic scenarios of many critical illnesses and surgical interventions, including sepsis, circulatory shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome as well as cardiothoracic and transplantation surgery. However, the influence of volumetric haemodynamic monitoring on clinical outcome is still a subject for debates. This review presents physiological background, technical details, aspects of bedside use, limitations and further perspectives of the volumetric approach to the cardiopulmonary monitoring.