Unveiling Charge Carrier Recombination, Extraction, and Hot-Carrier Dynamics in Indium Incorporated Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been propelled into the limelight over the past decade due to the rapid-growing power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, the internal defects and the interfacial energy level mismatch are detrimental to the device performance and stability. In this study, it is demonstrated that a small amount of indium (In3+ ) ions in mixed cation and halide perovskites can effectively passivate the defects, improve the energy-level alignment, and reduce the exciton binding energy. Additionally, it is confirmed that In3+ ions can significantly elevate the initial carrier temperature, slow down the hot-carrier cooling rate, and reduce the heat loss before carrier extraction. The device with 1.5% of incorporated In3+ achieves a PCE of 22.4% with a negligible hysteresis, which is significantly higher than that of undoped PSCs (20.3%). In addition, the unencapsulated PSCs achieve long-term stability, which retain 85% of the original PCE after 3,000 h of aging in dry air. The obtained results demonstrate and promote the development of practical, highly efficient, and stable hot-carrier-enhanced PSCs.