Temporal-spatial characteristics of filament induced by a femtosecond laser pulse in transparent dielectrics.

The evolution mechanism of femtosecond laser-induced filaments has been widely investigated owing to its application prospects in microprocessing. However, the material dependence of the excitation, stability, and decay of filaments is not well understood despite the importance of their precise utilization. In this study, the spatiotemporal evolution of filaments induced by a single femtosecond laser pulse in sapphire and silica glass was investigated using time-resolved pump-probe shadowgraphy on femtosecond and picosecond timescales. The results revealed that the evolution was significantly different in the two typically transparent dielectrics in terms of the electronic plasma dynamics and filament lifetimes. This difference can be attributed to the self-trapped excitons (STEs) in silica glass. Furthermore, the filament dependence on pump energy and focal position was experimentally analyzed. Divergent filaments were observed when the focal position was near the surface because of the effect of the excited plasma on beam propagation. Moreover, the evolution of filament length in the two materials was discussed. This study contributes to the applications of filaments in precise processing.