Unveiling the Biocompatible Properties of Date Palm Tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Biomass-Derived Lignin Nanoparticles.

ABSTRACT

Searching for sustainable, ecofriendly, and renewable precursors for nanostructured material synthesis is a fascinating area pertaining to feasibility in various applications. Especially, lignin-based material preparation is essential for unraveling the usage of lignin by valorization. Hence, we have synthesized lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) using date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.) biomass as a precursor in this investigation. The LNP's morphological and thermal features were assessed. Moreover, we have evaluated the LNP's cytocompatibility properties by adopting in vitro approach. The P. dactylifera L. (PD) biomass-derived LNP's morphological features show a spherical shape with a 10-100 nm diameter. The LNPs have a decreased cell viability of ∼8% at a high concentration exposure to human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for 48 h. However, the LNPs do not cause any cellular and nuclear morphology changes in hMSCs. The mitochondrial membrane potential assessment results confirm healthy mitochondria with high mitochondrial membrane potential in LNP-treated cells. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation assay results revealed that LNPs do not trigger ROS generation in hMSCs. We examined the upregulation of GSTM3 and GSR genes and the downregulation of SOD1 genes in LNP-treated hMSCs, but no significant changes were observed. Our study concluded that PD biomass-derived LNPs have a good cytocompatibility and an antioxidant property. Thus, they can be applicable for various biological, cosmetic, and environmental applications.